Incidencia de úlceras por presión secundarias al decúbito prono en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos por SARS-CoV-2 / Incidence of pressure ulcers due to prone position in patients admitted to the ICU for Covid-19

La aparición de úlceras por presión (UPP) es una de las complicaciones frecuentes del decúbito prono (DP), debido a la presión prolongada y las fuerzas de cizallamiento. Objetivos: Comparar la incidencia de UPP secundarias a la posición del decúbito prono y describir su localización entre 4 unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de hospitales públicos. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo multicéntrico. La población estuvo formada por pacientes ingresados en la UCI entre febrero de 2020 y mayo 2021, diagnosticados de COVID-19 que precisaron decúbito prono. Las variables estudiadas fueron sociodemográficas, días de ingreso en la UCI, horas totales en DP, prevención de UPP, localización, estadio, frecuencia de cambios posturales, nutrición y aporte de proteínas. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de la historia clínica de las diferentes bases de datos informatizadas de cada hospital. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y asociación entre las variables, utilizando el programa SPSS vs.20.0.Resultados: Ingresaron 574 pacientes por COVID-19, el 43,03% fueron pronados. El 69,6% fueron hombres, la mediana de edad fue 66 (RIC: 55-74) y el IMC de 30,7 (RIC: 27-34,2). La mediana de estancia en la UCI fue de 28 días (RIC: 17-44,2) y la mediana de horas en DP por paciente 48h (RIC: 24-96). La incidencia de aparición de UPP fue del 56,3% y el 76,2% de los pacientes la presentaron; la localización más frecuente fue la frente (74,9%). Existen diferencias significativas entre hospitales en cuanto a la incidencia de UPP (p<0,001), su localización (p=0,000) y la duración media de horas por cada episodio de DP (p=0,001). Conclusiones: La incidencia de UPP secundarias al DP fue muy elevada. Existe gran variabilidad en cuanto a incidencia de UPP entre hospitales, la localización y la duración media de horas por cada episodio de DP.(AU)

The appearance of pressure ulcers (PU) is one of the frequent complications of prone position (PP), due to prolonged pressure and shear forces. Objectives: To compare the incidence of pressure ulcers secondary to prone position and describe their location among four Intensive Care Units (ICU) of public hospitals. Methods: Multicenter descriptive and retrospective observational study. The population consisted of patients admitted to the ICU between February 2020 and May 2021, diagnosed with Covid-19 who required prone decubitus. The variables studied were sociodemographic, days of admission to the ICU, total hours on PP, PU prevention, location, stage, frequency of postural changes, nutrition and protein intake. Data collection was carried out through the clinical history of the different computerized databases of each hospital. Descriptive analysis and association between variables were performed using SPSS vs.20.0. Results: A total of 574 patients were admitted for Covid-19, 43.03% were pronated. 69.6% were men, median age was 66 (IQR 55-74) and BMI 30.7 (RIC 27-34.2). Median ICU stay was 28 days (IQR 17-44.2), median hours on PD per patient 48h (IQR 24-96). The incidence of PU occurrence was 56.3%, 76.2% of patients presented a PU, the most frequent location was the forehead (74.9%). There were significant differences between hospitals in terms of PU incidence (p=0.002), location (p<0.001) and median duration of hours per PD episode (p=0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of pressure ulcers due to the prone position was very high. There is great variability in the incidence of pressure ulcers between hospitals, location and average duration of hours per episode of prone position.(AU)

[Incidence of pressure ulcers due to prone position in patients admitted to the ICU for Covid-19]. / Incidencia de úlceras por presión secundarias al decúbito prono en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos por SARS-CoV-2.

The appearance of pressure ulcers (PU) is one of the frequent complications of prone position (PP), due to prolonged pressure and shear forces. Objectives: To compare the incidence of pressure ulcers secondary to prone position and describe their location among four Intensive Care Units (ICU) of public hospitals. Methods: Multicenter descriptive and retrospective observational study. The population consisted of patients admitted to the ICU between February 2020 and May 2021, diagnosed with Covid-19 who required prone decubitus. The variables studied were sociodemographic, days of admission to the ICU, total hours on PP, PU prevention, location, stage, frequency of postural changes, nutrition and protein intake. Data collection was carried out through the clinical history of the different computerized databases of each hospital. Descriptive analysis and association between variables were performed using SPSS vs.20.0. Results: A total of 574 patients were admitted for Covid-19, 43.03% were pronated. 69.6% were men, median age was 66 (IQR 55-74) and BMI 30.7 (RIC 27-34.2). Median ICU stay was 28 days (IQR 17-44.2), median hours on PD per patient 48 h (IQR 24-96). The incidence of PU occurrence was 56.3%, 76.2% of patients presented a PU, the most frequent location was the forehead (74.9%). There were significant differences between hospitals in terms of PU incidence (p = 0.002), location (p < 0.001) and median duration of hours per PD episode (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of pressure ulcers due to the prone position was very high. There is great variability in the incidence of pressure ulcers between hospitals, location and average duration of hours per episode of prone position.

Incidence of pressure ulcers due to prone position in patients admitted to the ICU for Covid-19.

The appearance of pressure ulcers (PU) is one of the frequent complications of prone position (PP), due to prolonged pressure and shear forces. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of pressure ulcers secondary to prone position and describe their location among four Intensive Care Units (ICU) of public hospitals. METHODS: Multicenter descriptive and retrospective observational study. The population consisted of patients admitted to the ICU between February 2020 and May 2021, diagnosed with Covid-19 who required prone decubitus. The variables studied were sociodemographic, days of admission to the ICU, total hours on PP, PU prevention, location, stage, frequency of postural changes, nutrition and protein intake. Data collection was carried out through the clinical history of the different computerized databases of each hospital. Descriptive analysis and association between variables were performed using SPSS vs.20.0. RESULTS: A total of 574 patients were admitted for Covid-19, 43.03% were pronated. 69.6% were men, median age was 66 (IQR 55-74) and BMI 30.7 (RIC 27-34.2). Median ICU stay was 28 days (IQR 17-44.2), median hours on PD per patient 48 h (IQR 24-96). The incidence of PU occurrence was 56.3%, 76.2% of patients presented a PU, the most frequent location was the forehead (74.9%). There were significant differences between hospitals in terms of PU incidence (P = .002), location (P = .000) and median duration of hours per PD episode (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of pressure ulcers due to the prone position was very high. There is great variability in the incidence of pressure ulcers between hospitals, location and average duration of hours per episode of prone position.

Colaboración interprofesional en las sesiones clínicas conjuntas en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: percepciones de enfermeras y médicos / Interprofessional collaboration in joint clinical sessions in an intensive care unit: Perceptions of nurses and physicians

INTRODUCCIÓN: La práctica colaborativa es un proceso interpersonal en el que interactúan diferentes disciplinas profesionales que comparten objetivos, participan en la toma de decisiones y proporcionan una atención integral y de calidad. Las sesiones clínicas conjuntas ofrecen la oportunidad de interactuar y mejorar la comunicación entre profesionales y optimizar los resultados en la práctica. OBJETIVOS: Explorar las percepciones de enfermeras y médicos sobre la práctica colaborativa en las sesiones clínicas conjuntas en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. MÉTODO: Estudio de análisis crítico del discurso, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y diarios de campo, usando como referencial teórico los conceptos de Campus, Capital y Habitus planteados por Pierre Bourdieu. PARTICIPANTES: enfermeras y médicos de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, reclutados mediante muestreo intencional. Las entrevistas fueron codificadas por todos los investigadores, posteriormente se hizo una puesta en común y se interpretaron los datos en el contexto en el que fueron recogidos. RESULTADOS: Emergieron 5 categorías: 1) Concepto: integración e implicación de un equipo con aportaciones colectivas y objetivos compartidos, 2) importancia: aumenta la seguridad del paciente, mejora la satisfacción de los profesionales y la calidad de atención, 3) factores: la ausencia de cultura de organizaciones dificulta la práctica colaborativa, 4) rol: la enfermera percibió que tiene un rol pasivo (oyente) durante las sesiones clínicas y el médico un papel activo (comunicador), y 5) estrategias de mejora: establecer horario y conciliación de tareas interprofesionales. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una necesidad de empoderamiento en la participación activa por parte de las enfermeras en las sesiones clínicas conjuntas. El colectivo médico debe tener más en cuenta las percepciones humanísticas que pueden aportar otros profesionales. Fomentar la escucha activa en los médicos, mejorar la comunicación real por parte de las enfermeras y generar un espacio donde impere el respeto y la confianza, favorecerán la dinámica de trabajo interprofesional

INTRODUCTION: Collaborative practice is an interpersonal process in which different professional disciplines that share objectives interact, participate in decision-making and provide comprehensive and quality care. The joint clinical sessions offer the opportunity to interact and improve communication between professionals and optimise results in practice. AIM: To explore perceptions of nurses and physicians about collaborative practice in joint Intensive Care Unit clinical sessions. METHOD: Critical discourse analysis, through semi-structured interviews and field journals, using as theoretical reference the concepts of Campus, Capital and Habitus by Pierre Bourdieu. PARTICIPANTS: nurses and physicians of the Intensive Care Unit, who were recruited by intentional sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and a discourse analysis was then performed. The interviews were coded by all the researchers, then shared and the data were interpreted in the context in which they were collected. RESULTS: Five categories emerged: 1) Concept: integration and involvement of a team with collective contributions and shared objectives, 2) importance: it increases patient safety, improves professional satisfaction and quality of care, 3) factors: the absence of culture organisations make collaborative practice difficult, 4) role: the nurse perceived that she plays a passive role (listener) during the clinical rounds and the physician an active role (communicator) and, 5) improvement strategies: to establish a schedule and balance interprofessional tasks. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for empowerment in active participation by nursing staff in joint clinical sessions. The medical group should be more aware of the humanistic perceptions that other professionals can bring. Encouraging active listening in physicians, improving real communication by nursing staff and generating a space where respect and confidence prevail, will favour interprofessional work dynamics

Interprofessional collaboration in joint clinical sessions in an intensive care unit: Perceptions of nurses and physicians. / Colaboración interprofesional en las sesiones clínicas conjuntas en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: percepciones de enfermeras y médicos.

INTRODUCTION: Collaborative practice is an interpersonal process in which different professional disciplines that share objectives interact, participate in decision-making and provide comprehensive and quality care. The joint clinical sessions offer the opportunity to interact and improve communication between professionals and optimise results in practice. AIM: To explore perceptions of nurses and physicians about collaborative practice in joint Intensive Care Unit clinical sessions. METHOD: Critical discourse analysis, through semi-structured interviews and field journals, using as theoretical reference the concepts of Campus, Capital and Habitus by Pierre Bourdieu. PARTICIPANTS: nurses and physicians of the Intensive Care Unit, who were recruited by intentional sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and a discourse analysis was then performed. The interviews were coded by all the researchers, then shared and the data were interpreted in the context in which they were collected. RESULTS: Five categories emerged: 1) Concept: integration and involvement of a team with collective contributions and shared objectives, 2) importance: it increases patient safety, improves professional satisfaction and quality of care, 3) factors: the absence of culture organisations make collaborative practice difficult, 4) role: the nurse perceived that she plays a passive role (listener) during the clinical rounds and the physician an active role (communicator) and, 5) improvement strategies: to establish a schedule and balance interprofessional tasks. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for empowerment in active participation by nursing staff in joint clinical sessions. The medical group should be more aware of the humanistic perceptions that other professionals can bring. Encouraging active listening in physicians, improving real communication by nursing staff and generating a space where respect and confidence prevail, will favour interprofessional work dynamics.

Análisis del volumen sanguíneo desechado para la extracción de analíticas en UCI / Analysis of discarded blood volume for analytical extraction in ICU

INTRODUCCIÓN: Para la extracción de muestras de laboratorio a través de catéteres, se debe desechar un volumen de sangre para garantizar la exactitud de los resultados. OBJETIVOS: Analizar el volumen sanguíneo desechado obtenido a través de catéter vascular y relacionarlo con el tipo de catéter, la experiencia del profesional que realiza la extracción y el centro hospitalario, en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de adultos de les Illes Balears. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo multicéntrico transversal. Ámbito de estudio: Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de adultos de les Illes Balears. Población: 296 enfermeras. Instrumento de recogida de datos: cuestionario ad hoc, anónimo y voluntario. Variables estudiadas: volumen de desecho, tipo de catéter, sexo, experiencia profesional y hospital. Análisis estadístico descriptivo, desviación estándar, coeficiente de variación y pruebas no paramétricas: Kruskal-Wallis y prueba de la mediana con un IC del 95%, mediante el programa SPSS vs20.0. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 142 encuestas, participaron 12 hospitales: 6 públicos y 6 privados; el 72,5% mujeres y el 27,5% hombres. El volumen medio total desechado fue de 5,98± 3,01 ml: catéter venoso periférico (CVP) 5,74ml ± 2,85 ml, cánula arterial 4,37 ± 2,93ml, catéter central acceso periférico (PICC) 7,34±3,03 ml y catéter venoso central (CVC) 6,49± 2,99ml. Las medianas de volumen de desecho fueron muy variables entre las diferentes ucis (p <0,001). Los hospitales privados desechan mayores volúmenes que los públicos a través de CVP: 5,12± 2,15ml vs. 6,99± 2,80ml (p = 0,023), CVC: 5,92± 2,58 ml vs. 7,93± 1,71ml (p = 0,026) y PICC: 6,77± 2,73ml vs. 9,07± 2,05ml (p = 0,004). CONCLUSIONES: Existe una gran variabilidad en el volumen de sangre desechado en función del hospital donde se realiza la extracción. No se ha encontrado asociación entre la sangre desechada y el resto de variables estudiadas. Se deberían utilizar técnicas de extracción más conservadoras

For laboratory sample extraction through catheters, blood volume must be discarded prior to specimen collection to ensure the accuracy of the results. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the discarded blood volume obtained through vascular catheters, according to type of catheter, professional experience in extraction and hospital in Adult Intensive Care Units (ICU) of the Balearic Islands. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre descriptive study. Conducted from April to December 2018. Field of study: Adult Intensive Care Units of the Balearic Islands. Population: 296 nurses. Sample: nursing professionals who answered the survey. Data collection instrument: ad hoc, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. Variables studied: waste volume, type of catheter, sex, professional experience and hospital. Descriptive statistical analysis, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and non-parametric tests: Kruskal-Wallis and Median test with an CI: 95%, using the SPSS vs20.0 programme. RESULTS: 142 surveys were obtained, 12 hospitals participated: 6 public and 6 private, 72.5% women and 27.5% men. The total mean volume discarded was 5.98ml (± 3.01): peripheral venous catheter (CVP) 5.74ml (± 2.85), arterial cannula 4.37ml (± 2.93), peripheral access central catheter (PICC) 7.34ml (± 3.03) and central venous catheter (CVC) 6.49ml (± 2.99). The medians of waste volume vary greatly between the different ICUs (p <.001). Private hospitals discard larger volumes than public hospitals through CVP: 5.12ml (±2.15) vs. 6.99ml (±2.80) (p=.023), CVC: 5.92ml (±2.58) vs. 7.93ml (±1.71) (p=.026) and PICC: 6.77ml (±2.73) vs. 9.07ml (±2.05) (p=.004). CONCLUSIONS: There is a great variability in the volume of blood discarded, it depends on the hospital. No association was found between the discarded blood and the other variables studied. More conservative extraction techniques should be used

Analysis of discarded blood volume for analytical extraction in ICU. / Análisis del volumen sanguíneo desechado para la extracción de analíticas en UCI.

For laboratory sample extraction through catheters, blood volume must be discarded prior to specimen collection to ensure the accuracy of the results. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the discarded blood volume obtained through vascular catheters, according to type of catheter, professional experience in extraction and hospital in Adult Intensive Care Units (ICU) of the Balearic Islands. METHOD: Cross-sectional multicentre descriptive study. Conducted from April to December 2018. Field of study: Adult Intensive Care Units of the Balearic Islands. POPULATION: 296 nurses. SAMPLE: nursing professionals who answered the survey. Data collection instrument: ad hoc, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. Variables studied: waste volume, type of catheter, sex, professional experience and hospital. Descriptive statistical analysis, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and non-parametric tests: Kruskal-Wallis and Median test with an CI: 95%, using the SPSS vs20.0 programme. RESULTS: 142 surveys were obtained, 12 hospitals participated: 6 public and 6 private, 72.5% women and 27.5% men. The total mean volume discarded was 5.98ml (± 3.01): peripheral venous catheter (CVP) 5.74ml (± 2.85), arterial cannula 4.37ml (± 2.93), peripheral access central catheter (PICC) 7.34ml (± 3.03) and central venous catheter (CVC) 6.49ml (± 2.99). The medians of waste volume vary greatly between the different ICUs (p <.001). Private hospitals discard larger volumes than public hospitals through CVP: 5.12ml (±2.15) vs. 6.99ml (±2.80) (p=.023), CVC: 5.92ml (±2.58) vs. 7.93ml (±1.71) (p=.026) and PICC: 6.77ml (±2.73) vs. 9.07ml (±2.05) (p=.004). CONCLUSIONS: There is a great variability in the volume of blood discarded, it depends on the hospital. No association was found between the discarded blood and the other variables studied. More conservative extraction techniques should be used.

Volumen de sangre extraído al paciente crítico las primeras 24h de ingreso / Blood volume extracted from the critical patient in the first 24 hours after admission

Objetivo: Calcular el número de analíticas y volumen de sangre extraído durante las primeras 24h de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Analizar valores de hemoglobina basal y a las 24h, relacionarlas con volumen de sangre extraído, balance ponderal e índices de gravedad. Método Estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo. Variables de estudio: edad, sexo, diagnóstico de ingreso, analítica extraída, cantidad de desecho antes de la extracción de muestras, volumen de sangre total extraída en 24h, balance ponderal, índices de gravedad, hemoglobina basal y a las 24h. Análisis estadístico realizado mediante SPSS vs.20.0. Se han calculado las correlaciones de las variables sexo, balance, número de analíticas y variación de hemoglobina. Resultados La muestra estuvo formada por 100 pacientes. El número de extracciones medio por paciente/día fue de 7,2 (±2,6). La cantidad media de desecho fue de 32,61ml (±15,8). El volumen medio de sangre utilizado para determinaciones fue de 48,18ml (±16,74). El valor de la hemoglobina disminuyó las primeras 24h de ingreso, siendo mayor en los hombres (p<0,05). No se pudo demostrar que el número de analíticas estuviera relacionado con la diferencia de hemoglobina a las 24h. Los índices de gravedad tuvieron significación estadística en cuanto a los niveles de hemoglobina (Hb1: -0,3; p=0,001; Hb2: -0,4; p=0,001). Conclusiones: Del volumen total de sangre extraída en UCI, el 40% pertenece a volumen de desecho y el 60% a sangre utilizada para analíticas. Existe una disminución de la hemoglobina a las 24h de ingreso del paciente crítico, pero no se ha podido demostrar estadísticamente su relación con el número de analíticas (AU)

Objective: To calculate the number of analytical tests and blood volume drawn during the first 24hours of admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). To analyse values of basal haemoglobin and at 24hours, relate them to blood loss, weight variation, and scoring system. Method: An observational descriptive pilot study. Variables studied: age, sex, diagnosis on admission, analytical tests extracted, waste quantity before the extraction of samples, total volume blood extracted in 24hours, weight variation, APACHE, SAPS, basal haemoglobin and at 24hours. Statistical analysis with SPSS vs 20.0. Variables correlation sex, weight variation, the number of analytical tests and haemoglobin change. Results: The study included 100 patients. The average number of extractions per patient/day was 7.2 (±2.6). The average waste quantity was 32.61ml (±15.8). The blood volume used for determinations was 48.18ml / 24h (±16.74). The haemoglobin value decreased in the first 24hours of admission, being higher in men (P<.05). The scoring systems were statistically significant for levels of haemoglobin (Hb1 -0.3; P=.001; Hb2 -0.4; P=.001). Conclusions: Of the total volume of blood extracted in ICU, 40% belongs to a volume of waste and 60% of blood is used for analytical tests. There is a decrease in haemoglobin exists 24hours after admission of the critical patient. Statistically, it has not been possible to demonstrate its relation with the number of analytical tests (AU)

Blood volume extracted from the critical patient in the first 24 hours after admission. / Volumen de sangre extraído al paciente crítico las primeras 24h de ingreso.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the number of analytical tests and blood volume drawn during the first 24hours of admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). To analyse values of basal haemoglobin and at 24hours, relate them to blood loss, weight variation, and scoring system. METHOD: An observational descriptive pilot study. Variables studied: age, sex, diagnosis on admission, analytical tests extracted, waste quantity before the extraction of samples, total volume blood extracted in 24hours, weight variation, APACHE, SAPS, basal haemoglobin and at 24hours. Statistical analysis with SPSS vs 20.0. Variables correlation sex, weight variation, the number of analytical tests and haemoglobin change. RESULTS: The study included 100 patients. The average number of extractions per patient/day was 7.2 (±2.6). The average waste quantity was 32.61ml (±15.8). The blood volume used for determinations was 48.18ml / 24h (±16.74). The haemoglobin value decreased in the first 24hours of admission, being higher in men (P<.05). The scoring systems were statistically significant for levels of haemoglobin (Hb1 -0.3; P=.001; Hb2 -0.4; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: Of the total volume of blood extracted in ICU, 40% belongs to a volume of waste and 60% of blood is used for analytical tests. There is a decrease in haemoglobin exists 24hours after admission of the critical patient. Statistically, it has not been possible to demonstrate its relation with the number of analytical tests.

Seguridad del paciente en la administración de antibióticos: evaluación del riesgo / Patient safety in antibiotics administration: risk assessment

Objetivo. Analizar el nivel de riesgo en la preparación y administración de los antibióticos de uso frecuente en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos utilizando una matriz de riesgo. Material y método. Se realizó un análisis de situación y una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos, protocolos y guías de buenas prácticas sobre terapia intravenosa, medicamentos y vías de administración. Se llevó a cabo una selección de los antibióticos más utilizados en nuestra unidad registrados en el programa ENVIN-HELICS desde el 1 de abril al 30 de junio del 2015. Los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento antimicrobiano en este periodo fueron 257. Se evaluaron 26 antibióticos. Variables a estudio: evaluación del riesgo de cada antibiótico mediante la escala Risk Assessment Tools, de la National Patient Safety Agency, incluyendo pH, osmolaridad, tipo de catéter recomendado para su administración y compatibilidad e incompatibilidad con el resto de los antibióticos estudiados. Resultados. El 65,3% de los antibióticos tuvieron más de 3 factores de riesgo representados con una franja amarilla, y el 34,7% entre 0 y 2 factores de riesgo (franja verde.) No hubo ningún antibiótico con 6 o más factores de riesgo (franja roja). La mayoría de los fármacos necesitaron reconstitución, dilución adicional y la utilización de parte del vial para administrar la dosis prescrita. Conclusión. Más de la mitad de los antibióticos estudiados son de riesgo moderado, por lo que se deberían adoptar medidas para disminuirlo. La matriz de riesgo es una herramienta útil para la evaluación y detección de los puntos débiles asociados a la preparación y administración de antibióticos intravenosos (AU)

Objective. To determine the level of risk in the preparation and administration of antibiotics frequently used in the Intensive Care Unit using a risk matrix. Material and method. A study was conducted using situation analysis and literature review of databases, protocols and good practice guidelines on intravenous therapy, drugs, and their administration routes. The most used antibiotics in the ICU registered in the ENVIN-HELICS program from 1 April to 30 June 2015 were selected. In this period, 257 patients received antimicrobial treatment and 26 antibiotics were evaluated. Variables studied: A risk assessment of each antibiotic using the scale Risk Assessment Tool, of the National Patient Safety Agency, as well as pH, osmolarity, type of catheter recommended for administration, and compatibility and incompatibility with other antibiotics studied. Results. Almost two-thirds (65.3%) of antibiotics had more than 3 risk factors (represented by a yellow stripe), with the remaining 34.7% of antibiotics having between 0 and 2 risk factors (represented by a green stripe). There were no antibiotics with 6 or more risk factors (represented by a red stripe). Most drugs needed reconstitution, additional dilution, and the use of part of the vial to administer the prescribed dose. Conclusion. More than half of the antibiotics studied had a moderate risk level; thus measures should be adopted in order to reduce it. The risk matrix is a useful tool for the assessment and detection of weaknesses associated with the preparation and administration of intravenous antibiotics (AU)

[Patient safety in antibiotics administration: Risk assessment]. / Seguridad del paciente en la administración de antibióticos: evaluación del riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of risk in the preparation and administration of antibiotics frequently used in the Intensive Care Unit using a risk matrix. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A study was conducted using situation analysis and literature review of databases, protocols and good practice guidelines on intravenous therapy, drugs, and their administration routes. The most used antibiotics in the ICU registered in the ENVIN-HELICS program from 1 April to 30 June 2015 were selected. In this period, 257 patients received antimicrobial treatment and 26 antibiotics were evaluated. Variables studied: A risk assessment of each antibiotic using the scale Risk Assessment Tool, of the National Patient Safety Agency, as well as pH, osmolarity, type of catheter recommended for administration, and compatibility and incompatibility with other antibiotics studied. RESULTS: Almost two-thirds (65.3%) of antibiotics had more than 3 risk factors (represented by a yellow stripe), with the remaining 34.7% of antibiotics having between 0 and 2 risk factors (represented by a green stripe). There were no antibiotics with 6 or more risk factors (represented by a red stripe). Most drugs needed reconstitution, additional dilution, and the use of part of the vial to administer the prescribed dose. CONCLUSION: More than half of the antibiotics studied had a moderate risk level; thus measures should be adopted in order to reduce it. The risk matrix is a useful tool for the assessment and detection of weaknesses associated with the preparation and administration of intravenous antibiotics.

Elementos facilitadores y limitadores del cambio en la atención a los familiares del paciente crítico / Limiting and facilitating factors of changes in the care of families of the critically ill patient

Introducción En una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), se llevó a cabo una investigación-acción participativa (IAP), cuyo objetivo general era promover el cambio de práctica clínica para mejorar los cuidados ofertados a los familiares del paciente crítico. Como resultado de este proceso se implantaron cuatro iniciativas de cambio. Además, uno de los objetivos específicos era explorar cómo el contexto de esta unidad limitaba y facilitaba el cambio. Este artículo presenta los hallazgos derivados de este objetivo. Material y métodos Metodología cualitativa. Diseño IAP. Técnicas de recogida de datos11 grupos de discusión con profesionales, 5 entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales, diarios de campo de los participantes y diario de campo de la investigadora principal. Participaron 11 profesionales en los grupos de discusión (cada uno trasmitía las aportaciones de 3-5 compañeros), 5 profesionales en las entrevistas, 11 profesionales llevaron a cabo diario de campo. Se realizó análisis de contenido. Resultados Los aspectos que limitan el cambio son: 1) no reconocer la legitimidad de la evidencia científica acerca de los familiares del paciente crítico; 2) relaciones de poder desequilibradas en el equipo multidisciplinar; 3) falta de participación de las enfermeras en los flujos de información; 4) organización del tiempo y del espacio de la unidad. Los que lo facilitan: 1) el compromiso individual y el compromiso compartido; 2) el liderazgo en lo cotidiano; 3) el proceso reflexivo. Conclusiones Un proceso de IAP puede conducir el cambio en la práctica clínica, aunque este es complejo y requiere de una alta inversión de energía personal. Los factores contextuales que lo limitan están integrados en la estructura de la unidad, mientras que los facilitadores son coyunturales y dependen de personas individuales. En este sentido, los profesionales a pie de cama tienen capacidad para introducir cambios en su contexto (AU)

Introduction: Participatory action research (PAR) was conducted in an intensive care unit (UCI),with the general purpose of fostering change in clinical practice so as to improve the care offered to families of critically ill patients. As a result of this process, four change-related initiatives were introduced. One specific additional objective was to explore how the unit’s background context limited or facilitated change. This paper presents findings based on this objective. Materials and methods: Qualitative methodology. Design: Participatory-action research (PAR).Data gathering techniques: 11 discussion groups incorporating professionals, 5 in-depth interviews with professionals, field diaries kept by the participants, and field diary kept by the lead researcher. Eleven professionals took part in the discussion groups (each one conveyed information made known to them by 3-5 colleagues), 5 professionals were involved in the interviews, and 11 professionals filled in a field diary. A content analysis was performed. Results: Factors limiting change included: 1) Not acknowledging the legitimacy of scientific evidence regarding the families of critically ill patients; 2) Imbalanced power relationships among the members of multi-disciplinary teams; 3) Nurses’ lack of involvement in informationflow; 4) The organization of time and physical space in the unit. Factors facilitating change: 1)A sense of individual and shared (..) (AU)

[Limiting and facilitating factors of changes in the care of families of the critically ill patient]. / Elementos facilitadores y limitadores del cambio en la atención a los familiares del paciente crítico.

INTRODUCTION: Participatory action research (PAR) was conducted in an intensive care unit (UCI), with the general purpose of fostering change in clinical practice so as to improve the care offered to families of critically ill patients. As a result of this process, four change-related initiatives were introduced. One specific additional objective was to explore how the unit's background context limited or facilitated change. This paper presents findings based on this objective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative methodology. DESIGN: Participatory-action research (PAR). DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES: 11 discussion groups incorporating professionals, 5 in-depth interviews with professionals, field diaries kept by the participants, and field diary kept by the lead researcher. Eleven professionals took part in the discussion groups (each one conveyed information made known to them by 3-5 colleagues), 5 professionals were involved in the interviews, and 11 professionals filled in a field diary. A content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Factors limiting change included: 1) Not acknowledging the legitimacy of scientific evidence regarding the families of critically ill patients; 2) Imbalanced power relationships among the members of multi-disciplinary teams; 3) Nurses' lack of involvement in information flow; 4) The organization of time and physical space in the unit. Factors facilitating change: 1) A sense of individual and shared commitment; 2) Leadership in day-to-day matters; 3) A process based on reflection. CONCLUSIONS: A process of participatory action research can lead to change in clinical practice, although this is complex and requires substantial input in terms of personal energy. Contextual factors limiting this change are related to the actual structure of the unit, while factors facilitating it are circumstantial ones and are dependent upon individual people. In this sense, professionals working at the bedside are capable of introducing changes to the context in which they work.

Compatibilidad física del bicarbonato sódico con fármacos de uso frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Physical compatibility of sodium bicarbonate with other drugs often administered in the intensive care unit

Introducción Las alteraciones acidobásicas se asocian a muchas afecciones del paciente crítico. Estos trastornos metabólicos requieren pronta normalización mediante bicarbonato sódico. Esta solución electrolítica alcalinizante se administra en infusión continua o intermitente. Se ha descrito su incompatibilidad por su pH alcalino, que produce precipitación de carbonatos insolubles y origina gases de dióxido de carbono al mezclarlo en soluciones ácidas. Objetivo Determinar la compatibilidad física del bicarbonato sódico 1M administrado en Y con fármacos de uso común en UCI.Material y método Estudio experimental in vitro. Se mezcló el bicarbonato con 13 fármacos simulando la administración en Y. Se combinaron 5 ml de bicarbonato con 5 ml de cada fármaco, eligiéndose concentraciones máximas utilizadas en la práctica. Las muestras se examinaron visualmente para detectar cambios de color, turbidez, precipitación o formación de gas; medición del pH y análisis espectrofotométrico a 450 nm y 620 nm. Se evaluaron las muestras a 0, 15, 30, 60 y 120 min. Los criterios de compatibilidad fueron: ausencia de cambios visuales, cambio pH<0,5 y variabilidad de absorbancia < 0,01.ResultadosSe estudiaron los fármacos individualmente y en mezcla con el bicarbonato, y resultaron 27 muestras, con las que se realizaron 135 determinaciones. Las incompatibilidades no siempre producen cambios visuales. Conocer el pH de los fármacos no garantiza la compatibilidad de la mezcla. La nitroglicerina con pH 4 es compatible. El tiopental con pH 11 precipita. Las absorbancias elevadas se acompañan de cambios de color, turbidez y precipitación.Conclusiones El bicarbonato es físicamente compatible con esmolol, furosemida, heparina, insulina, morfina, nimodipino, nitroglicerina y urapidil e incompatible con amiodarona, cisatracurio, haloperidol, midazolam y tiopental (AU)

Introduction Acid-base disorders are associated with many diseases of the critically ill patient. Early treatment with sodium bicarbonate of these metabolic disorders is required for their normalization. This is an alkaline electrolyte solution administered by continuous or intermittent infusion. Its incompatibility due to its alkaline pH has been described, as it produces insoluble carbonate precipitation and causes carbon dioxide gas when mixed with acidic solutions. Material and method An in vitro experimental study was performed. Bicarbonate was mixed with 13 drugs simulating Y-site administration. We combined 5ml bicarbonate with 5ml of every drug, at highest daily concentration used. The samples were visually examined to detect color changes, cloudiness, precipitation or gas formation, pH measurement and spectrophotometric analysis at 450nm and 620nm. The samples were evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120minutes. The compatibility criteria were absence of visual changes, pH changes<0.5 and variability of absorbance <0.01.ResultsWe studied each drug individually and mixed with bicarbonate with 27 samples, and 135 measurements were performed. The incompatibilities did not always produce visual changes. Knowing the pH of drugs does not guarantee the compatibility of the mixture. Nitroglycerin with pH 4 is compatible with bicarbonate. Thiopental with pH 11 makes precipitation. Higher absorbances showed color changes, cloudiness and precipitation. Conclusions Bicarbonate is physically compatible with esmolol, furosemide, heparin, insulin, morphine, nimodipine, nitroglycerin and urapidil and incompatible with amiodarone, cisatracurium, haloperidol, midazolam and thiopental (AU)

[Physical compatibility of sodium bicarbonate with other drugs often administered in the intensive care unit]. / Compatibilidad física del bicarbonato sódico con fármacos de uso frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

INTRODUCTION: Acid-base disorders are associated with many diseases of the critically ill patient. Early treatment with sodium bicarbonate of these metabolic disorders is required for their normalization. This is an alkaline electrolyte solution administered by continuous or intermittent infusion. Its incompatibility due to its alkaline pH has been described, as it produces insoluble carbonate precipitation and causes carbon dioxide gas when mixed with acidic solutions. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An in vitro experimental study was performed. Bicarbonate was mixed with 13 drugs simulating Y-site administration. We combined 5 ml bicarbonate with 5 ml of every drug, at highest daily concentration used. The samples were visually examined to detect color changes, cloudiness, precipitation or gas formation, pH measurement and spectrophotometric analysis at 450 nm and 620 nm. The samples were evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The compatibility criteria were absence of visual changes, pH changes<0.5 and variability of absorbance <0.01. RESULTS: We studied each drug individually and mixed with bicarbonate with 27 samples, and 135 measurements were performed. The incompatibilities did not always produce visual changes. Knowing the pH of drugs does not guarantee the compatibility of the mixture. Nitroglycerin with pH 4 is compatible with bicarbonate. Thiopental with pH 11 makes precipitation. Higher absorbances showed color changes, cloudiness and precipitation. CONCLUSIONS: Bicarbonate is physically compatible with esmolol, furosemide, heparin, insulin, morphine, nimodipine, nitroglycerin and urapidil and incompatible with amiodarone, cisatracurium, haloperidol, midazolam and thiopental.

Compatibilidad visual y física de la furosemida en mezclas intravenosas para perfusión continua / Physical compatibility of furosemide in intravenous mixtures for continuous perfusion

IntroducciónLos pacientes ingresados en las UCI reciben simultáneamente numerosos fármacos, con una disponibilidad de accesos venosos limitada que obliga a infundir conjuntamente varias perfusiones a través de una misma luz del catéter. La furosemida es una solución sin capacidad tamponante que precipita con facilidad. A pesar de la recomendación de la ficha técnica de que no debe infundirse con otros medicamentos, existen estudios en la bibliografía que demuestran su compatibilidad físicoquímica con otros fármacos. No obstante, las concentraciones estudiadas no siempre coinciden con las utilizadas en la práctica clínica.ObjetivosEstudiar y verificar la compatibilidad física de la furosemida en mezcla i.v.Material y métodoEstudio experimental in vitro en el que se procedió a mezclar la furosemida con 12 fármacos a proporción 1:1 obteniendo un total de 40 muestras evaluándose a distintos tiempos (minutos 0–15–30–60–120) las siguientes variables: pH de la mezcla, determinación de cambios en el color, turbidez y precipitación. Para ello se emplearon métodos de observación visuales, medición del pH y absorción por espectrofotometría a 450–620nm.ResultadosSe realizaron un total de 40 muestras, 13 simples, 12 dobles y 15 triples. Fueron compatibles aquellas mezclas que no presentaron cambios físicos, variación en el pH y cambios en los valores de absorbancia.ConclusiónLa furosemida es compatible físicamente con las soluciones de bicarbonato, heparina, insulina, morfina, nitroglicerina, nimodipino y tiopental e incompatible con amiodarona, cisatracurio, haloperidol, midazolam y urapidil (AU)

IntroductionPatients in the intensive care units simultaneously receive concomitantly many drugs, with limited venous accesses. Thus, several different perfusions must be administered jointly through the same catheter. Furosemide is a solution with no buffer capacity that is easily precipitated. In spite of the recommendation on its data sheet stating that it should not be used with other drugs, studies found in the bibliography suggest that it has physicochemical compatibility with other drugs. However, the concentrations studied do not always coincide with those used in the clinical practice.ObjectivesTo study and verify the physical compatibility of furosemide in intravenous mixture.Material and methodAn experimental study in vitro, in which furosemide was mixed with 12 drugs at a 1:1 proportion was performed. A total of 40 samples were obtained and the following variables were evaluated at different intervals, 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120min: ph of mixture, color changes, presence of turbidity and precipitation. To do so, visual observation procedures, ph measurements and spectrophotometer absorption at 450 and 620nm were used.ResultsForty samples, 13 simples, 12 doubles and 15 triples, were obtained. Those mixtures that did not show physical changes, pH variation and absorption variation were considered compatible.ConclusionFurosemide is physically compatible with bicarbonate solution, heparin, insulin, morphine and nitroglycerin and incompatible with amiodarone, cisatracurium, haloperidol, midazolam and urapidil (AU)

[Physical compatibility of furosemide in intravenous mixtures for continuous perfusion]. / Compatibilidad visual y física de la furosemida en mezclas intravenosas para perfusión continua.

INTRODUCTION: Patients in the intensive care units simultaneously receive concomitantly many drugs, with limited venous accesses. Thus, several different perfusions must be administered jointly through the same catheter. Furosemide is a solution with no buffer capacity that is easily precipitated. In spite of the recommendation on its data sheet stating that it should not be used with other drugs, studies found in the bibliography suggest that it has physicochemical compatibility with other drugs. However, the concentrations studied do not always coincide with those used in the clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: To study and verify the physical compatibility of furosemide in intravenous mixture. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An experimental study in vitro, in which furosemide was mixed with 12 drugs at a 1:1 proportion was performed. A total of 40 samples were obtained and the following variables were evaluated at different intervals, 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min: ph of mixture, color changes, presence of turbidity and precipitation. To do so, visual observation procedures, ph measurements and spectrophotometer absorption at 450 and 620 nm were used. RESULTS: Forty samples, 13 simples, 12 doubles and 15 triples, were obtained. Those mixtures that did not show physical changes, pH variation and absorption variation were considered compatible. CONCLUSION: Furosemide is physically compatible with bicarbonate solution, heparin, insulin, morphine and nitroglycerin and incompatible with amiodarone, cisatracurium, haloperidol, midazolam and urapidil.

[Perception of privacy in patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit]. / Percepción de la intimidad en pacientes hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.

INTRODUCTION: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is an impersonal and technologically invasive setting. The rules and framework of the unit favor a lack of privacy, an inherent fact for every kind of hospitalization. The objectives of the study are to know the experience of patients admitted to the ICU in relation to the perception of privacy and its impact on their own experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phenomenological qualitative methodology. The participants were patients admitted to the ICU of Son Dureta University Hospital in Palma de Mallorca, who were older than 18 with a minimum stay of 48 hours and who had signed an informed consent. Data collection. By exhaustive semi-structured interviews. Content analysis. RESULTS: The perception of privacy in patients admitted to the ICU is described in relationship with surrounding physical space, family setting and privacy autonomy. The patients evaluated the flexibility of rules, professionalism of the nursing staff and the need for family support when the situation is more stable. CONCLUSION: To prevent the quality of nursing cares from only depending on their technological knowledge and ability, but also depends on the humane side of caring, it is extremely important to consider the different elements that mould the experience of being admitted to the ICU and respect of the privacy of each person.

Percepción de la intimidad en pacientes hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Perception of privacy in patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit

Introducción. La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos(UCI) es un entorno impersonal y tecnológicamenteinvasivo. La normativa de la unidad y la estructuraarquitectónica favorecen la pérdida de intimidad,hecho que resulta inherente a toda hospitalización.Los objetivos del estudio son conocer la experienciade los pacientes ingresados en UCI en relación a lapercepción de intimidad y el impacto de esta sobresu experiencia.Material y métodos. Metodología cualitativafenomenológica. Los participantes fueron lospacientes ingresados en la UCI del HospitalUniversitario Son Dureta de Palma de Mallorca,mayores de 18 años, con una estancia mínima de 48horas tras consentimiento informado. Recogida dedatos: entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad.Análisis de contenido.Resultados. Se describe que la percepción de laintimidad en los pacientes ingresados en UCI serelaciona con el espacio físico que les rodea, elentorno familiar y la privacidad de autonomía. Lospacientes valoran la flexibilidad de las normas, laprofesionalidad del personal de enfermería y lanecesidad de apoyo familiar cuando la situación esmás estable.Conclusión. Con el fin de que la calidad de loscuidados enfermeros de las UCI no dependaúnicamente de los conocimientos y habilidadestecnológicos, sino que se caracterice por lahumanización de los mismos, es de suma importanciala consideración de los diferentes elementos quemodulan la experiencia de estar ingresado en unaUCI y el respeto a la intimidad de la persona

Introduction. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is animpersonal and technologically invasive setting.The rules and framework of the unit favor a lack ofprivacy, an inherent fact for every kind ofhospitalization. The objectives of the study are to know the experience of patients admitted to theICU in relation to the perception of privacy and itsimpact on their own experience.Material and methods. Phenomenologicalqualitative methodology. The participants werepatients admitted to the ICU of Son DuretaUniversity Hospital in Palma de Mallorca, whowere older than 18 with a minimum stay of 48hours and who had signed an informed consent.Data collection. By exhaustive semi-structuredinterviews. Content analysis.Results. The perception of privacy in patientsadmitted to the ICU is described in relationshipwith surrounding physical space, family setting andprivacy autonomy. The patients evaluated theflexibility of rules, professionalism of the nursingstaff and the need for family support when thesituation is more stable.Conclusion. To prevent the quality of nursing caresfrom only depending on their technologicalknowledge and ability, but also depends on thehumane side of caring, it is extremely important toconsider the different elements that mould theexperience of being admitted to the ICU and respectof the privacy of each person